![]() In team sports, the overarching aim of a team is to score more points/goals than the other team, implying an initiative to score (attacking), and to prevent the other team from scoring (defending). A factor of interest for audiences as well as sport scientists and performance analysts, is to observe which players or teams succeed in competition, characterized by a complex interaction of physical (e.g., surfaces, areas, weather conditions) and social (e.g., rules) constraints specific to each sport. The ecology of sport is not only distinguished by physical characteristics of locations at which player activity takes place, but also by its social significance and cultural aspects. Sport is a human activity characterized by particular organization and functioning in given performance contexts. Complex adaptive systems, synergies, group behaviors, team sport performance, ecological dynamics, performance analysis. Ecological dynamics explanations of team behaviors can transit beyond mere ratification of sport performance, providing a comprehensive conceptual framework to guide the implementation of diagnostic measures by sport scientists, sport psychologists and performance analysts. ![]() A key conclusion is that teams can be trained to perceive how to use and share specific affordances, explaining how individual’s behaviors self-organize into a group synergy. A primary goal of our analysis is to highlight the principles and tools required to understand coherent and dynamic team behaviors, as well as the performance conditions that make such team synergies possible, through perceptual attunement to shared affordances in individual performers. Here, we present an explanation for the emergence of such collective behaviors, indicating how these can be assessed and understood through the measurement of key system properties that exist, considering the contribution of each individual and beyond These include: to (i) dimensional compression, a process resulting in independent degree of freedom being coupled so that the synergy has fewer degrees of freedom than the set of components from which it arises (ii) reciprocal compensation, if one element do not produce its function, other elements should display changes in their contributions so that task goals are still attained (iii) interpersonal linkages, the specific contribution of each element to a group task and (iv), degeneracy, structurally different components performing a similar, but not necessarily identical, function with respect to context. A synergy is a collective property of a task-specific organization of individuals, such that the degrees of freedom of each individual in the system are coupled, enabling the degrees of freedom of different individuals to co-regulate each other. ![]() Individual players act as a coherent unit during team sports performance, forming a team synergy. 2Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK. ![]()
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